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Ukuqinisekisa

Nikeza ngempendulo ebalulekile, ebambekayo kubasebenzisi bakho ngokuqinisekiswa kwefomu le-HTML5, ngokuziphatha okuzenzakalelayo kwesiphequluli noma izitayela zangokwezifiso kanye ne-JavaScript.

Kuleli khasi
Siyazi ukuthi okwamanje izitayela namathiphu wokuqinisekisa ohlangothini lweklayenti akufinyeleleki, ngoba azivezwanga kubuchwepheshe obusizayo. Ngenkathi sisakha isixazululo, singancoma ukuthi usebenzise inketho yohlangothi lweseva noma indlela yokuqinisekisa isiphequluli esizenzakalelayo.

Isebenza kanjani

Nakhu ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kwefomu kusebenza kanjani nge-Bootstrap:

  • Ukuqinisekiswa kwefomu le-HTML kusetshenziswa ngamakilasi amabili mbumbulu we-CSS, :invalidkanye :valid. Isebenza ku- <input>, <select>, kanye <textarea>nezakhi.
  • I-Bootstrap ihlanganisa izitayela :invalidnezitayela ekilasini :validlabazali .was-validated, ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa kufayela le- <form>. Uma kungenjalo, noma iyiphi inkambu edingekayo engenavelu ibonakala njengengavumelekile ekulayisheni kwekhasi. Ngale ndlela, ungakhetha ukuthi uzozivula nini (imvamisa ngemuva kokuzanywa kokuthunyelwa kwefomu).
  • Ukuze usethe kabusha ukubukeka kwefomu (ngokwesibonelo, esimweni sokuhanjiswa kwamafomu aguquguqukayo kusetshenziswa i-AJAX), susa .was-validatedikilasi kusukela <form>futhi ngemva kokuhambisa.
  • Njengembuyiselo, .is-invalidfuthi .is-validamakilasi angasetshenziswa esikhundleni samakilasi mbumbulu wokuqinisekisa ohlangothini lweseva . Abadingi .was-validatedikilasi labazali.
  • Ngenxa yemikhawulo endleleni i-CSS esebenza ngayo, asikwazi (okwamanje) ukusebenzisa izitayela <label>kulokho okuza ngaphambi kokulawula kwefomu ku-DOM ngaphandle kosizo lweJavaScript yangokwezifiso.
  • Zonke iziphequluli zesimanje zisekela i- API yokuqinisekisa umkhawulo , uchungechunge lwezindlela ze-JavaScript zokuqinisekisa izilawuli zefomu.
  • Imilayezo yempendulo ingase isebenzise okumisiwe kwesiphequluli (okuhlukile kusiphequluli ngasinye, futhi akunasitayela nge-CSS) noma izitayela zethu zempendulo zangokwezifiso nge-HTML ne-CSS eyengeziwe.
  • Unganikeza imilayezo yokuqinisekisa ngokwezifiso nge setCustomValidity-JavaScript.

Unalokho engqondweni, cabangela amademo alandelayo ezitayela zethu zokuqinisekisa amafomu angokwezifiso, amakilasi okuzithandela aseceleni kweseva, nokuzenzakalelayo kwesiphequluli.

Izitayela ngokwezifiso

Ukuze uthole imilayezo yokuqinisekisa yefomu le-Bootstrap yangokwezifiso, uzodinga ukungeza novalidateisibaluli se-boolean kufayela lakho le- <form>. Lokhu kukhubaza amathiphu empendulo ezenzakalelayo yesiphequluli, kodwa kusahlinzeka ngokufinyelela kuma-API okuqinisekisa amafomu ku-JavaScript. Zama ukuhambisa leli fomu elingezansi; I-JavaScript yethu izobamba inkinobho yokuhambisa futhi idlulisele kuwe impendulo. Uma uzama ukuthumela, uzobona izitayela :invalidnezitayela :validzisetshenziswa kuzilawuli zakho zefomu.

Izitayela zempendulo yangokwezifiso zisebenzisa imibala yangokwezifiso, imingcele, izitayela zokugxila, nezithonjana zangemuva ukuze kudluliselwe impendulo kangcono. Izithonjana zangemuva ze- <select>s zitholakala kuphela nge- .form-select, hhayi .form-control.

Kubukeka kukuhle!
Kubukeka kukuhle!
@
Sicela ukhethe igama lomsebenzisi.
Sicela unikeze idolobha elivumelekile.
Sicela ukhethe izwe elivumelekile.
Sicela unikeze i-zip evumelekile.
Kufanele uvume ngaphambi kokuhambisa.
html 
<form class="row g-3 needs-validation" novalidate>
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationCustom01" class="form-label">First name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom01" value="Mark" required>
    <div class="valid-feedback">
      Looks good!
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationCustom02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom02" value="Otto" required>
    <div class="valid-feedback">
      Looks good!
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationCustomUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
    <div class="input-group has-validation">
      <span class="input-group-text" id="inputGroupPrepend">@</span>
      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustomUsername" aria-describedby="inputGroupPrepend" required>
      <div class="invalid-feedback">
        Please choose a username.
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-6">
    <label for="validationCustom03" class="form-label">City</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom03" required>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">
      Please provide a valid city.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3">
    <label for="validationCustom04" class="form-label">State</label>
    <select class="form-select" id="validationCustom04" required>
      <option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
      <option>...</option>
    </select>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">
      Please select a valid state.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3">
    <label for="validationCustom05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationCustom05" required>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">
      Please provide a valid zip.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-12">
    <div class="form-check">
      <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck" required>
      <label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck">
        Agree to terms and conditions
      </label>
      <div class="invalid-feedback">
        You must agree before submitting.
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-12">
    <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
  </div>
</form>
// Example starter JavaScript for disabling form submissions if there are invalid fields
(() => {
  'use strict'

  // Fetch all the forms we want to apply custom Bootstrap validation styles to
  const forms = document.querySelectorAll('.needs-validation')

  // Loop over them and prevent submission
  Array.from(forms).forEach(form => {
    form.addEventListener('submit', event => {
      if (!form.checkValidity()) {
        event.preventDefault()
        event.stopPropagation()
      }

      form.classList.add('was-validated')
    }, false)
  })
})()

Okuzenzakalelayo kwesiphequluli

Awunantshisekelo kumilayezo yempendulo yokuqinisekisa ngokwezifiso noma ukubhala i-JavaScript ukuze ushintshe indlela yokuziphatha yefomu? Konke kuhle, ungasebenzisa okuzenzakalelayo kwesiphequluli. Zama ukuthumela ifomu elingezansi. Ngokuya ngesiphequluli sakho ne-OS, uzobona isitayela esihluke kancane sempendulo.

Yize lezi zitayela zempendulo zingenakwenziwa isitayela nge-CSS, usengawenza ngendlela oyifisayo umbhalo wempendulo nge-JavaScript.

@
html 
<form class="row g-3">
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationDefault01" class="form-label">First name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault01" value="Mark" required>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationDefault02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault02" value="Otto" required>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationDefaultUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
    <div class="input-group">
      <span class="input-group-text" id="inputGroupPrepend2">@</span>
      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefaultUsername"  aria-describedby="inputGroupPrepend2" required>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-6">
    <label for="validationDefault03" class="form-label">City</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault03" required>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3">
    <label for="validationDefault04" class="form-label">State</label>
    <select class="form-select" id="validationDefault04" required>
      <option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
      <option>...</option>
    </select>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3">
    <label for="validationDefault05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationDefault05" required>
  </div>
  <div class="col-12">
    <div class="form-check">
      <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck2" required>
      <label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck2">
        Agree to terms and conditions
      </label>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-12">
    <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
  </div>
</form>

Uhlangothi lweseva

Sincoma ukusebenzisa ukuqinisekiswa kohlangothi lweklayenti, kodwa uma udinga ukuqinisekiswa kohlangothi lweseva, ungabonisa izinkambu zefomu ezingavumelekile nezivumelekile .is-invalidnge- .is-valid. Qaphela ukuthi .invalid-feedbackfuthi kuyasekelwa nalawa makilasi.

Ezinkambuni ezingavumelekile, qinisekisa ukuthi impendulo/umlayezo wephutha ongavumelekile uhlotshaniswa nenkambu yefomu efanele kusetshenziswa aria-describedby(uphawula ukuthi lesi sibaluli sivumela okungaphezu kweyodwa idukuthi kubhekiselwe kuso, uma kwenzeka inkambu isivele ikhomba umbhalo wefomu owengeziwe).

Ukuze ulungise izinkinga ngerediyasi yomngcele , amaqembu okokufaka adinga iklasi elengeziwe .has-validation.

Kubukeka kukuhle!
Kubukeka kukuhle!
@
Sicela ukhethe igama lomsebenzisi.
Sicela unikeze idolobha elivumelekile.
Sicela ukhethe izwe elivumelekile.
Sicela unikeze i-zip evumelekile.
Kufanele uvume ngaphambi kokuhambisa.
html 
<form class="row g-3">
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationServer01" class="form-label">First name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control is-valid" id="validationServer01" value="Mark" required>
    <div class="valid-feedback">
      Looks good!
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationServer02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control is-valid" id="validationServer02" value="Otto" required>
    <div class="valid-feedback">
      Looks good!
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4">
    <label for="validationServerUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
    <div class="input-group has-validation">
      <span class="input-group-text" id="inputGroupPrepend3">@</span>
      <input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServerUsername" aria-describedby="inputGroupPrepend3 validationServerUsernameFeedback" required>
      <div id="validationServerUsernameFeedback" class="invalid-feedback">
        Please choose a username.
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-6">
    <label for="validationServer03" class="form-label">City</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServer03" aria-describedby="validationServer03Feedback" required>
    <div id="validationServer03Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
      Please provide a valid city.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3">
    <label for="validationServer04" class="form-label">State</label>
    <select class="form-select is-invalid" id="validationServer04" aria-describedby="validationServer04Feedback" required>
      <option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
      <option>...</option>
    </select>
    <div id="validationServer04Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
      Please select a valid state.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3">
    <label for="validationServer05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control is-invalid" id="validationServer05" aria-describedby="validationServer05Feedback" required>
    <div id="validationServer05Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
      Please provide a valid zip.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-12">
    <div class="form-check">
      <input class="form-check-input is-invalid" type="checkbox" value="" id="invalidCheck3" aria-describedby="invalidCheck3Feedback" required>
      <label class="form-check-label" for="invalidCheck3">
        Agree to terms and conditions
      </label>
      <div id="invalidCheck3Feedback" class="invalid-feedback">
        You must agree before submitting.
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-12">
    <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
  </div>
</form>

Izakhi ezisekelwe

Izitayela zokuqinisekisa ziyatholakala kuzilawuli zefomu ezilandelayo nezingxenye:

  • <input>s kanye no <textarea>-s .form-control(okuhlanganisa kufika kwelilodwa .form-controlemaqenjini okokufaka)
  • <select>s nge.form-select
  • .form-checks
Sicela ufake umlayezo endaweni yombhalo.
Isibonelo sombhalo wempendulo ongavumelekile
Isibonelo esengeziwe umbhalo wempendulo ongavumelekile
Isibonelo sempendulo ekhethiwe engavumelekile
Isibonelo sempendulo yefayela lefomu elingavumelekile
html 
<form class="was-validated">
  <div class="mb-3">
    <label for="validationTextarea" class="form-label">Textarea</label>
    <textarea class="form-control" id="validationTextarea" placeholder="Required example textarea" required></textarea>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">
      Please enter a message in the textarea.
    </div>
  </div>

  <div class="form-check mb-3">
    <input type="checkbox" class="form-check-input" id="validationFormCheck1" required>
    <label class="form-check-label" for="validationFormCheck1">Check this checkbox</label>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid feedback text</div>
  </div>

  <div class="form-check">
    <input type="radio" class="form-check-input" id="validationFormCheck2" name="radio-stacked" required>
    <label class="form-check-label" for="validationFormCheck2">Toggle this radio</label>
  </div>
  <div class="form-check mb-3">
    <input type="radio" class="form-check-input" id="validationFormCheck3" name="radio-stacked" required>
    <label class="form-check-label" for="validationFormCheck3">Or toggle this other radio</label>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">More example invalid feedback text</div>
  </div>

  <div class="mb-3">
    <select class="form-select" required aria-label="select example">
      <option value="">Open this select menu</option>
      <option value="1">One</option>
      <option value="2">Two</option>
      <option value="3">Three</option>
    </select>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid select feedback</div>
  </div>

  <div class="mb-3">
    <input type="file" class="form-control" aria-label="file example" required>
    <div class="invalid-feedback">Example invalid form file feedback</div>
  </div>

  <div class="mb-3">
    <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit" disabled>Submit form</button>
  </div>
</form>

Amathuluzi

Uma isakhiwo sakho sefomu sikuvumela, ungashintsha .{valid|invalid}-feedbackamakilasi .{valid|invalid}-tooltipukuze ubonise impendulo yokuqinisekisa ethiphu yamathuluzi enesitayela. Qiniseka ukuthi position: relativeunomzali okhona ukuze amise ithiphu lamathuluzi. Esibonelweni esingezansi, amakilasi ethu ekholomu asenakho lokhu, kodwa iphrojekthi yakho ingase idinge okunye ukusetha.

Kubukeka kukuhle!
Kubukeka kukuhle!
@
Sicela ukhethe igama lomsebenzisi elihlukile nelivumelekile.
Sicela unikeze idolobha elivumelekile.
Sicela ukhethe izwe elivumelekile.
Sicela unikeze i-zip evumelekile.
html 
<form class="row g-3 needs-validation" novalidate>
  <div class="col-md-4 position-relative">
    <label for="validationTooltip01" class="form-label">First name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip01" value="Mark" required>
    <div class="valid-tooltip">
      Looks good!
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4 position-relative">
    <label for="validationTooltip02" class="form-label">Last name</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip02" value="Otto" required>
    <div class="valid-tooltip">
      Looks good!
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-4 position-relative">
    <label for="validationTooltipUsername" class="form-label">Username</label>
    <div class="input-group has-validation">
      <span class="input-group-text" id="validationTooltipUsernamePrepend">@</span>
      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltipUsername" aria-describedby="validationTooltipUsernamePrepend" required>
      <div class="invalid-tooltip">
        Please choose a unique and valid username.
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-6 position-relative">
    <label for="validationTooltip03" class="form-label">City</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip03" required>
    <div class="invalid-tooltip">
      Please provide a valid city.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3 position-relative">
    <label for="validationTooltip04" class="form-label">State</label>
    <select class="form-select" id="validationTooltip04" required>
      <option selected disabled value="">Choose...</option>
      <option>...</option>
    </select>
    <div class="invalid-tooltip">
      Please select a valid state.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-md-3 position-relative">
    <label for="validationTooltip05" class="form-label">Zip</label>
    <input type="text" class="form-control" id="validationTooltip05" required>
    <div class="invalid-tooltip">
      Please provide a valid zip.
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="col-12">
    <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit form</button>
  </div>
</form>

Sass

Okuguquguqukayo

$form-feedback-margin-top:          $form-text-margin-top;
$form-feedback-font-size:           $form-text-font-size;
$form-feedback-font-style:          $form-text-font-style;
$form-feedback-valid-color:         $success;
$form-feedback-invalid-color:       $danger;

$form-feedback-icon-valid-color:    $form-feedback-valid-color;
$form-feedback-icon-valid:          url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 8 8'><path fill='#{$form-feedback-icon-valid-color}' d='M2.3 6.73.6 4.53c-.4-1.04.46-1.4 1.1-.8l1.1 1.4 3.4-3.8c.6-.63 1.6-.27 1.2.7l-4 4.6c-.43.5-.8.4-1.1.1z'/></svg>");
$form-feedback-icon-invalid-color:  $form-feedback-invalid-color;
$form-feedback-icon-invalid:        url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 12 12' width='12' height='12' fill='none' stroke='#{$form-feedback-icon-invalid-color}'><circle cx='6' cy='6' r='4.5'/><path stroke-linejoin='round' d='M5.8 3.6h.4L6 6.5z'/><circle cx='6' cy='8.2' r='.6' fill='#{$form-feedback-icon-invalid-color}' stroke='none'/></svg>");

Imiksi

Amamiksi amabili ahlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​ngokusebenzisa iluphu yethu , ukuze kukhiqizwe izitayela zempendulo zokuqinisekisa ifomu.

@mixin form-validation-state-selector($state) {
  @if ($state == "valid" or $state == "invalid") {
    .was-validated #{if(&, "&", "")}:#{$state},
    #{if(&, "&", "")}.is-#{$state} {
      @content;
    }
  } @else {
    #{if(&, "&", "")}.is-#{$state} {
      @content;
    }
  }
}

@mixin form-validation-state(
  $state,
  $color,
  $icon,
  $tooltip-color: color-contrast($color),
  $tooltip-bg-color: rgba($color, $form-feedback-tooltip-opacity),
  $focus-box-shadow: 0 0 $input-btn-focus-blur $input-focus-width rgba($color, $input-btn-focus-color-opacity)
) {
  .#{$state}-feedback {
    display: none;
    width: 100%;
    margin-top: $form-feedback-margin-top;
    @include font-size($form-feedback-font-size);
    font-style: $form-feedback-font-style;
    color: $color;
  }

  .#{$state}-tooltip {
    position: absolute;
    top: 100%;
    z-index: 5;
    display: none;
    max-width: 100%; // Contain to parent when possible
    padding: $form-feedback-tooltip-padding-y $form-feedback-tooltip-padding-x;
    margin-top: .1rem;
    @include font-size($form-feedback-tooltip-font-size);
    line-height: $form-feedback-tooltip-line-height;
    color: $tooltip-color;
    background-color: $tooltip-bg-color;
    @include border-radius($form-feedback-tooltip-border-radius);
  }

  @include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
    ~ .#{$state}-feedback,
    ~ .#{$state}-tooltip {
      display: block;
    }
  }

  .form-control {
    @include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
      border-color: $color;

      @if $enable-validation-icons {
        padding-right: $input-height-inner;
        background-image: escape-svg($icon);
        background-repeat: no-repeat;
        background-position: right $input-height-inner-quarter center;
        background-size: $input-height-inner-half $input-height-inner-half;
      }

      &:focus {
        border-color: $color;
        box-shadow: $focus-box-shadow;
      }
    }
  }

  // stylelint-disable-next-line selector-no-qualifying-type
  textarea.form-control {
    @include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
      @if $enable-validation-icons {
        padding-right: $input-height-inner;
        background-position: top $input-height-inner-quarter right $input-height-inner-quarter;
      }
    }
  }

  .form-select {
    @include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
      border-color: $color;

      @if $enable-validation-icons {
        &:not([multiple]):not([size]),
        &:not([multiple])[size="1"] {
          padding-right: $form-select-feedback-icon-padding-end;
          background-image: escape-svg($form-select-indicator), escape-svg($icon);
          background-position: $form-select-bg-position, $form-select-feedback-icon-position;
          background-size: $form-select-bg-size, $form-select-feedback-icon-size;
        }
      }

      &:focus {
        border-color: $color;
        box-shadow: $focus-box-shadow;
      }
    }
  }

  .form-control-color {
    @include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
      @if $enable-validation-icons {
        width: add($form-color-width, $input-height-inner);
      }
    }
  }

  .form-check-input {
    @include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
      border-color: $color;

      &:checked {
        background-color: $color;
      }

      &:focus {
        box-shadow: $focus-box-shadow;
      }

      ~ .form-check-label {
        color: $color;
      }
    }
  }
  .form-check-inline .form-check-input {
    ~ .#{$state}-feedback {
      margin-left: .5em;
    }
  }

  .input-group {
    > .form-control:not(:focus),
    > .form-select:not(:focus),
    > .form-floating:not(:focus-within) {
      @include form-validation-state-selector($state) {
        @if $state == "valid" {
          z-index: 3;
        } @else if $state == "invalid" {
          z-index: 4;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Imephu

Leli imephu yokuqinisekisa ye-Sass evela ku- _variables.scss. Khipha noma unwebe lokhu ukuze ukhiqize izifunda ezihlukile noma ezengeziwe.

$form-validation-states: (
  "valid": (
    "color": $form-feedback-valid-color,
    "icon": $form-feedback-icon-valid
  ),
  "invalid": (
    "color": $form-feedback-invalid-color,
    "icon": $form-feedback-icon-invalid
  )
);

Amamephu we- $form-validation-statesangaqukatha amapharamitha amathathu ongawakhetha ukuze akhiphe amathiphu wamathuluzi nezitayela zokugxila.

Iluphu

Isetshenziselwa ukuphindaphinda $form-validation-statesamanani emephu ukuze kukhiqizwe izitayela zethu zokuqinisekisa. Noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kumephu ye-Sass engenhla kuzobonakala ku-CSS yakho ehlanganisiwe ngale loop.

@each $state, $data in $form-validation-states {
  @include form-validation-state($state, $data...);
}

Ukwenza ngokwezifiso

Izimo zokuqinisekisa zingenziwa ngendlela oyifisayo nge-Sass $form-validation-statesngemephu. Itholakala _variables.scsskufayela lethu, le mephu ye-Sass yindlela esenza ngayo izimo ezizenzakalelayo valid/ invalidzokuqinisekisa. Kufakwe imephu ebekiwe yokwenza ngokwezifiso umbala wesifunda ngasinye, isithonjana, umbala wethiphu yamathuluzi, nesithunzi sokugxilisa kuso. Nakuba zingekho ezinye izifunda ezisekelwa iziphequluli, lezo ezisebenzisa izitayela zangokwezifiso zingangeza kalula impendulo yefomu eyinkimbinkimbi.