Theming Bootstrap

Enza ngendlela oyifisayo i-Bootstrap 4 ngezinto zethu ezintsha ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ze-Sass ezithandwayo zesitayela somhlaba wonke ukuze uthole itimu elula nezinguquko zengxenye.

Isingeniso

Ku-Bootstrap 3, itimu yayiqhutshwa kakhulu ukweqa okuguquguqukayo kokuthi LESS, i-CSS yangokwezifiso, neshidi lesitayela letimu elihlukile esilifake distkumafayela ethu. Ngomzamo othile, umuntu angakwazi ukuklama kabusha ngokuphelele ukubukeka kwe-Bootstrap 3 ngaphandle kokuthinta amafayela awumongo. I-Bootstrap 4 inikeza indlela ejwayelekile, kodwa ehluke kancane.

Manje, itimu ifezwa okuguquguqukayo kwe-Sass, amamephu we-Sass, ne-CSS yangokwezifiso. Alisekho ishidi lesitayela letimu elizinikele; esikhundleni salokho, ungakwazi ukunika amandla itimu eyakhelwe ngaphakathi ukuze ungeze ama-gradient, izithunzi, nokuningi.

Sass

Sebenzisa umthombo wethu wamafayela e-Sass ukuze uthathe ithuba lokuhlukahluka, amamephu, imiksi, nokuningi. Ekwakheni kwethu sikhuphule ukunemba kokusondeza kwe-Sass kwaba ku-6 (ngokuzenzakalelayo kungu-5) ukuvimbela izinkinga ngokufinyezwa kwesiphequluli.

Isakhiwo sefayela

Noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka, gwema ukulungisa amafayela ayinhloko e-Bootstrap. Kwa-Sass, lokho kusho ukudala eyakho ishidi lesitayela elingenisa i-Bootstrap ukuze ukwazi ukuyilungisa futhi uyinwebe. Uma ucabanga ukuthi usebenzisa umphathi wephakheji njenge-npm, uzoba nesakhiwo sefayela esibukeka kanje:

your-project/
├── scss
│   └── custom.scss
└── node_modules/
    └── bootstrap
        ├── js
        └── scss

Uma ulande amafayela ethu omthombo futhi ungasebenzisi umphathi wephakheji, uzofuna ukumisa mathupha into efana naleso sakhiwo, ugcine amafayela omthombo we-Bootstrap ehlukene kwewakho.

your-project/
├── scss
│   └── custom.scss
└── bootstrap/
    ├── js
    └── scss

Iyangenisa

Kweyakho custom.scss, uzongenisa amafayela we-Sass womthombo we-Bootstrap. Unezinketho ezimbili: faka yonke i-Bootstrap, noma khetha izingxenye ozidingayo. Sikhuthaza lokhu okwakamuva, nakuba sazi ukuthi kunezimfuneko ezithile nokuncika kuzo zonke izingxenye zethu. Uzodinga futhi ukufaka i-JavaScript yama-plugin ethu.

// Custom.scss
// Option A: Include all of Bootstrap

@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/bootstrap";

// Custom.scss
// Option B: Include parts of Bootstrap

// Required
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/functions";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/variables";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/mixins";

// Optional
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/reboot";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/type";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/images";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/code";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/grid";

Uma lokho kusetha kusendaweni, ungaqala ukulungisa noma yikuphi okuguquguqukayo kwe-Sass namamephu kufayela lakho le- custom.scss. Ungaqala futhi ukwengeza izingxenye ze-Bootstrap ngaphansi // Optionalkwesigaba njengoba kudingeka. Siphakamisa ukuthi usebenzise isitaki sokungenisa esigcwele esivela bootstrap.scsskufayela lethu njengendawo yakho yokuqala.

Okuzenzakalelayo okuguquguqukayo

Konke okuguquguqukayo kwe-Sass ku-Bootstrap 4 kufaka phakathi !defaultifulegi elikuvumela ukuthi ubhale ngaphezulu inani elizenzakalelayo lokuguquguquka ku-Sass yakho ngaphandle kokulungisa ikhodi yomthombo ye-Bootstrap. Kopisha futhi unamathisele okuguquguqukayo njengoba kudingeka, lungisa amanani azo, futhi ususe !defaultifulegi. Uma okuguquguqukayo sekuvele kwabelwe, ngakho-ke ngeke kuphinde kunikezwe amanani azenzakalelayo ku-Bootstrap.

Uzothola uhlu oluphelele lweziguquguquko ze-Bootstrap ku- scss/_variables.scss. Ezinye eziguquguqukayo zisethelwe kokuthi null, lezi ziguquko azikhiphi isici ngaphandle kokuthi zikhishwe ekucushweni kwakho.

Ukukhishwa okuguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwefayela elifanayo le-Sass kungase kufike ngaphambi noma ngemva kokuguquguquka okuzenzakalelayo. Nokho, uma ukhipha kuwo wonke amafayela e-Sass, ukukhipha kwakho kufanele kuze ngaphambi kokuthi ungenise amafayela e-Sass e-Bootstrap.

Nasi isibonelo esishintsha i- kanye background-colorneyokuthi lapho ungenisa futhi uhlanganisa i-Bootstrap nge-npm:color<body>

// Your variable overrides
$body-bg: #000;
$body-color: #111;

// Bootstrap and its default variables
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/bootstrap";

Phinda njengoba kudingekile kunoma yikuphi okuguquguqukayo ku-Bootstrap, kuhlanganise nezinketho zomhlaba jikelele ngezansi.

Amamephu namaluphu

I-Bootstrap 4 ihlanganisa idlanzana lamamephu e-Sass, amapheya enani angukhiye akwenza kube lula ukukhiqiza imindeni ye-CSS ehlobene. Sisebenzisa amamephu e-Sass ngemibala yethu, izindawo zokunqamuka kwegridi, nokuningi. Njengezinto eziguquguqukayo ze-Sass, wonke amamephu akwa-Sass afaka !defaultifulegi futhi angabhalwa phansi futhi andwe.

Amanye amamephu ethu e-Sass ahlanganiswa abe angenalutho ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuvumela ukunwetshwa okulula kwemephu ye-Sass enikeziwe, kodwa kuza ngezindleko zokwenza ukususa izinto kumephu kube nzima kakhulu.

Lungisa imephu

Ukuze ulungise umbala okhona $theme-colorskumephu yethu, engeza okulandelayo kufayela lakho langokwezifiso le-Sass:

$theme-colors: (
  "primary": #0074d9,
  "danger": #ff4136
);

Engeza kumephu

Ukwengeza umbala omusha ku- $theme-colors, engeza ukhiye omusha nevelu:

$theme-colors: (
  "custom-color": #900
);

Susa kumephu

Ukuze ususe imibala ku- $theme-colors, nanoma iyiphi enye imephu, sebenzisa map-remove. Qaphela ukuthi kufanele uyifake phakathi kwezimfuneko zethu nezinketho:

// Required
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/functions";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/variables";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/mixins";

$theme-colors: map-remove($theme-colors, "info", "light", "dark");

// Optional
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/root";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/reboot";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/type";
...

Okhiye abadingekayo

I-Bootstrap ithatha ubukhona bokhiye abathile ngaphakathi kwamamephu e-Sass njengoba siwasebenzisile futhi sizinweba thina ngokwethu. Njengoba wenza ngendlela oyifisayo amamephu afakiwe, ungase uhlangabezane namaphutha lapho kusetshenziswa khona ukhiye othile wemephu ye-Sass.

Isibonelo, sisebenzisa i- primary, success, kanye dangernokhiye abavela kuzo $theme-colorsukuze uthole izixhumanisi, izinkinobho, nezimo zefomu. Ukushintsha amanani alaba khiye akumele kuveze izinkinga, kodwa ukuwasusa kungase kubangele izinkinga zokuhlanganisa i-Sass. Kulezi zimo, uzodinga ukushintsha ikhodi ye-Sass esebenzisa lawo manani.

Imisebenzi

I-Bootstrap isebenzisa imisebenzi eminingana ye-Sass, kodwa isethi encane kuphela esebenza kungqikithi evamile. Sifake imisebenzi emithathu yokuthola amanani kumamephu ombala:

@function color($key: "blue") {
  @return map-get($colors, $key);
}

@function theme-color($key: "primary") {
  @return map-get($theme-colors, $key);
}

@function gray($key: "100") {
  @return map-get($grays, $key);
}

Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe umbala owodwa kumephu ye-Sass njengokuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani umbala ohlukile ku-v3.

.custom-element {
  color: gray("100");
  background-color: theme-color("dark");
}

Siphinde sibe nomunye umsebenzi wokuthola izinga elithile lombala $theme-colorskumephu. Amanani amaleveli angalungile azokhanyisa umbala, kuyilapho amazinga aphezulu ezoba mnyama.

@function theme-color-level($color-name: "primary", $level: 0) {
  $color: theme-color($color-name);
  $color-base: if($level > 0, #000, #fff);
  $level: abs($level);

  @return mix($color-base, $color, $level * $theme-color-interval);
}

Empeleni, ungabiza umsebenzi bese udlula ngamapharamitha amabili: igama lombala ukusuka $theme-colors(isb, okuyinhloko noma ingozi) kanye nezinga lezinombolo.

.custom-element {
  color: theme-color-level(primary, -10);
}

Imisebenzi eyengeziwe ingase yengezwe ngokuzayo noma eyakho i-Sass yangokwezifiso ukuze udale imisebenzi yeleveli yamamephu engeziwe e-Sass, noma ngisho nelinye elijwayelekile uma ufuna ukusho amazwi amaningi.

Ukungafani kombala

Umsebenzi owengeziwe esiwufaka ku-Bootstrap umsebenzi wokugqama kombala, color-yiq. Isebenzisa isikhala sombala we-YIQ ukubuyisela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukukhanya ( #fff) noma okumnyama ( #111) umbala wokugqama osuselwe kumbala wesisekelo oshiwo. Lo msebenzi uwusizo ikakhulukazi kumamiksi noma amaluphu lapho ukhiqiza khona amakilasi amaningi.

Isibonelo, ukwenza ama-swatches ombala $theme-colorskumephu yethu:

@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  .swatch-#{$color} {
    color: color-yiq($value);
  }
}

Ingase futhi isetshenziselwe izidingo zokuqhathanisa okukodwa:

.custom-element {
  color: color-yiq(#000); // returns `color: #fff`
}

Ungaphinda ucacise umbala oyisisekelo ngemisebenzi yethu yemephu yombala:

.custom-element {
  color: color-yiq(theme-color("dark")); // returns `color: #fff`
}

Escape SVG

Sisebenzisa escape-svgumsebenzi ukubalekela <, >nezinhlamvu #zezithombe zangemuva ze-SVG. Lezi zinhlamvu zidinga ukweqiwa ukuze kunikezwe kahle izithombe ezingemuva nge-IE.

Engeza futhi Ususe imisebenzi

Sisebenzisa addkanye subtractnemisebenzi ukusonga umsebenzi we-CSS calc. Injongo eyinhloko yale misebenzi iwukugwema amaphutha lapho inani elithi “unitless” 0lidluliselwa calcenkulumweni. Izinkulumo ezifana nalezi calc(10px - 0)zizobuyisela iphutha kuzo zonke iziphequluli, ngaphandle kokuthi zilungile ngokwezibalo.

Isibonelo lapho i-calc isebenza khona:

$border-radius: .25rem;
$border-width: 1px;

.element {
  // Output calc(.25rem - 1px) is valid
  border-radius: calc($border-radius - $border-width);
}

.element {
  // Output the same calc(.25rem - 1px) as above
  border-radius: subtract($border-radius, $border-width);
}

Isibonelo lapho i-calc ingavumelekile:

$border-radius: .25rem;
$border-width: 0;

.element {
  // Output calc(.25rem - 0) is invalid
  border-radius: calc($border-radius - $border-width);
}

.element {
  // Output .25rem
  border-radius: subtract($border-radius, $border-width);
}

Izinketho ze-Sass

Enza ngendlela oyifisayo i-Bootstrap 4 ngefayela lethu eliguquguqukayo elakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi uguqule kalula okuthandwayo kwe-CSS yomhlaba wonke ngezinto ezintsha ze- $enable-*Sass. Khipha inani lokuguquguquka bese uhlanganisa futhi npm run testnjengoba kudingeka.

Ungathola futhi wenze ngendlela oyifisayo lokhu okuguquguqukayo ukuze uthole izinketho ezibalulekile zomhlaba wonke scss/_variables.scsskufayela le-Bootstrap.

Umbala

Izingxenye eziningi nezinsiza ezihlukahlukene ze-Bootstrap zakhiwe ngochungechunge lwemibala echazwe kumephu ye-Sass. Le mephu ingafakwa ku-Sass ukuze kukhiqizwe ngokushesha uchungechunge lwamasethi emithetho.

Yonke imibala

Yonke imibala etholakala ku-Bootstrap 4, iyatholakala njengezinto eziguquguqukayo ze-Sass kanye nemephu ye-Sass scss/_variables.scssefayeleni. Lokhu kuzonwetshwa ekukhishweni okuncane okulandelayo ukuze kwengezwe ama-shades engeziwe, afana nephalethi ye-grayscale esesivele siyifakile.

Nansi indlela ongazisebenzisa ngayo lezi ku-Sass yakho:

// With variable
.alpha { color: $purple; }

// From the Sass map with our `color()` function
.beta { color: color("purple"); }

Amakilasi okusetshenziswa kwemibala nawo ayatholakala ukuze amiswe colorfuthi background-color.

Imibala yetimu

Sisebenzisa isethi engaphansi yayo yonke imibala ukuze sakhe iphalethi yombala emincane ukuze sikhiqize izikimu zombala, futhi ezitholakala njengeziguquguqukayo ze-Sass kanye nemephu ye-Sass scss/_variables.scsskufayela le-Bootstrap.

Izimpunga

Isethi enwetshiwe yokuhlukahluka okumpunga kanye nemephu ye-Sass scss/_variables.scssukuze uthole imithunzi engaguquki yokumpunga kuyo yonke iphrojekthi yakho. Qaphela ukuthi lawa “angamagrey apholile”, ajwayele ukuya ethoni ecashile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, esikhundleni sokumpunga okuphakathi.

Ngaphakathi scss/_variables.scss, uzothola okuguquguqukayo kombala kwe-Bootstrap kanye nemephu ye-Sass. Nasi isibonelo $colorssemephu ye-Sass:

$colors: (
  "blue": $blue,
  "indigo": $indigo,
  "purple": $purple,
  "pink": $pink,
  "red": $red,
  "orange": $orange,
  "yellow": $yellow,
  "green": $green,
  "teal": $teal,
  "cyan": $cyan,
  "white": $white,
  "gray": $gray-600,
  "gray-dark": $gray-800
) !default;

Engeza, susa, noma lungisa amanani ngaphakathi kwemephu ukuze ubuyekeze indlela asetshenziswa ngayo kwezinye izingxenye eziningi. Ngeshwa ngalesi sikhathi, akuzona zonke izingxenye ezisebenzisa le mephu ye-Sass. Izibuyekezo zesikhathi esizayo zizolwela ukuthuthukisa kulokhu. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, hlela ukusebenzisa ${color}okuguquguqukayo kanye nale mephu ye-Sass.

Izingxenye

Izingxenye eziningi nezinsiza ze-Bootstrap zakhiwe @eachngamalophu aphindaphindayo phezu kwemephu ye-Sass. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okuhlukile kwengxenye yethu $theme-colorsnokudala okuhlukile okusabelayo kwephuzu ngalinye lokuhlukana. Njengoba wenza ngendlela oyifisayo lawa mamephu we-Sass futhi uhlanganisa futhi, uzobona ngokuzenzakalela izinguquko zakho ziboniswa kulawa maluphu.

Izilungisi

Izingxenye eziningi ze-Bootstrap zakhiwe ngendlela yekilasi le-base-modifier. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqwaba yesitayela iqukethwe kusigaba sesisekelo (isb, .btn) kuyilapho ukuhluka kwesitayela kuphelele kumakilasi okulungisa (isb, .btn-danger). Lezi zigaba zokuguqula zakhiwe kusukela $theme-colorskumephu ukuze kwenziwe ngendlela oyifisayo inombolo negama lamakilasi ethu okulungisa.

Nazi izibonelo ezimbili zokuthi singena kanjani phezu $theme-colorskwemephu ukuze sikhiqize izilungisi .alertzengxenye kanye nazo zonke .bg-*izinsiza zethu ezingemuva.

// Generate alert modifier classes
@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  .alert-#{$color} {
    @include alert-variant(theme-color-level($color, -10), theme-color-level($color, -9), theme-color-level($color, 6));
  }
}

// Generate `.bg-*` color utilities
@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  @include bg-variant('.bg-#{$color}', $value);
}

Iyasabela

Lawa ma-loops akwa-Sass awakhawulelwe kumamephu anemibala, nawo. Ungakwazi futhi ukukhiqiza ukuhlukahluka okusabelayo kwezingxenye zakho noma izinsiza. Thatha isibonelo izinsiza zethu zokuqondanisa umbhalo ophendulayo lapho sixuba @eachiluphu $grid-breakpointsyemephu ye-Sass kanye nombuzo wemidiya.

@each $breakpoint in map-keys($grid-breakpoints) {
  @include media-breakpoint-up($breakpoint) {
    $infix: breakpoint-infix($breakpoint, $grid-breakpoints);

    .text#{$infix}-left   { text-align: left !important; }
    .text#{$infix}-right  { text-align: right !important; }
    .text#{$infix}-center { text-align: center !important; }
  }
}

Uma kwenzeka udinga ukulungisa $grid-breakpoints, izinguquko zakho zizosebenza kuwo wonke ama-loops aphindaphindayo kuleyo mephu.

Izinguquko ze-CSS

I-Bootstrap 4 ihlanganisa cishe izingxenye ezimbili nambili zangokwezifiso ze-CSS (okuguquguqukayo) ku-CSS yayo ehlanganisiwe. Lokhu kunikeza ukufinyelela okulula kumanani asetshenziswa kakhulu njengemibala yethu yetimu, ama-breakpoint, nezitaki zefonti eziyinhloko lapho usebenza Kumhloli wesiphequluli sakho, ikhodi yesihlabathi, noma i-prototyping evamile.

Okuguquguqukayo okutholakalayo

Nazi izinto eziguquguqukayo esizihlanganisayo (qaphela ukuthi :rootkuyadingeka). Atholakala _root.scsskufayela lethu.

:root {
  --blue: #007bff;
  --indigo: #6610f2;
  --purple: #6f42c1;
  --pink: #e83e8c;
  --red: #dc3545;
  --orange: #fd7e14;
  --yellow: #ffc107;
  --green: #28a745;
  --teal: #20c997;
  --cyan: #17a2b8;
  --white: #fff;
  --gray: #6c757d;
  --gray-dark: #343a40;
  --primary: #007bff;
  --secondary: #6c757d;
  --success: #28a745;
  --info: #17a2b8;
  --warning: #ffc107;
  --danger: #dc3545;
  --light: #f8f9fa;
  --dark: #343a40;
  --breakpoint-xs: 0;
  --breakpoint-sm: 576px;
  --breakpoint-md: 768px;
  --breakpoint-lg: 992px;
  --breakpoint-xl: 1200px;
  --font-family-sans-serif: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";
  --font-family-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
}

Izibonelo

Okuguquguqukayo kwe-CSS kunikeza ukuguquguquka okufanayo kokuguquguqukayo kwe-Sass, kodwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlanganisa ngaphambi kokuthi kunikezwe isiphequluli. Isibonelo, lapha sisetha kabusha ifonti yekhasi lethu nezitayela zokuxhumanisa neziguquguqukayo ze-CSS.

body {
  font: 1rem/1.5 var(--font-family-sans-serif);
}
a {
  color: var(--blue);
}

Okuguquguqukayo kwe-Breakpoint

Nakuba ekuqaleni sifake ama-breakpoint ezinguqukweni zethu ze-CSS (isb, --breakpoint-md), lezi azisekelwe emibuzweni yemidiya , kodwa zingasetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwezimiso zemithetho emibuzweni yemidiya. Lezi zinguquko ze-breakpoint zihlala ku-CSS ehlanganisiwe ukuze zihambisane nemuva uma zingasetshenziswa yi-JavaScript. Funda kabanzi ku-spec .

Nasi isibonelo salokho okungasekelwe:

@media (min-width: var(--breakpoint-sm)) {
  ...
}

Futhi nasi isibonelo salokho okusekelwayo:

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .custom-element {
    color: var(--primary);
  }
}