Theming Bootstrap

Gadzirisa Bootstrap 4 neyedu itsva yakavakirwa-muSass machinjiro epasirese masitaera aunofarira kuti zvive nyore theming uye chikamu chekuchinja.

Nhanganyaya

MuBootstrap 3, theming yainyanya kufambiswa nekusiyana-siyana muLESS, tsika CSS, uye yakaparadzana theme stylesheet yatakaisa distmumafaira edu. Nekumwe kuedza, munhu anogona kugadzirisa zvachose chitarisiko cheBootstrap 3 pasina kubata mafaera epakati. Bootstrap 4 inopa yakajairika, asi yakati siyanei maitiro.

Ikozvino, theming inopedzwa neSass akasiyana, Sass mepu, uye tsika CSS. Hapasisina yakatsaurirwa theme stylesheet; pachinzvimbo, unogona kugonesa yakavakirwa-mukati theme kuti uwedzere gradients, mimvuri, uye nezvimwe.

Sass

Shandisa yedu sosi mafaera eSass kutora mukana wekusiyana, mepu, musanganiswa, nezvimwe.

Chimiro chefaira

Pese pazvinogoneka, dzivirira kugadzirisa mafaira eBootstrap. Kune Sass, zvinoreva kugadzira yako wega stylesheet inopinza Bootstrap kuti ugone kuigadzirisa nekuiwedzera. Kufungidzira kuti uri kushandisa pasuru maneja senge npm, iwe unenge uine faira chimiro chinotaridzika seizvi:

your-project/
├── scss
│   └── custom.scss
└── node_modules/
    └── bootstrap
        ├── js
        └── scss

Kana iwe wakadhawunirodha yedu sosi mafaera uye usingashandise pasuru maneja, iwe unenge uchida kumisikidza nemaoko chimwe chinhu chakafanana neiyo chimiro, uchichengeta Bootstrap's sosi mafaera akasiyana kubva kune ako.

your-project/
├── scss
│   └── custom.scss
└── bootstrap/
    ├── js
    └── scss

Importing

Mune yako custom.scss, iwe unopinza Bootstrap's source Sass mafaera. Iwe une mbiri sarudzo: sanganisira ese eBootstrap, kana tora zvikamu zvaunoda. Tinokurudzira vekupedzisira, asi ziva kuti pane zvimwe zvinodiwa uye zvinotsamira pazvikamu zvedu. Iwe zvakare unozofanirwa kusanganisira imwe JavaScript yemapulagi edu.

// Custom.scss
// Option A: Include all of Bootstrap

@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/bootstrap";

// Custom.scss
// Option B: Include parts of Bootstrap

// Required
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/functions";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/variables";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/mixins";

// Optional
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/reboot";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/type";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/images";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/code";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/grid";

Nekuseta ikoko munzvimbo, unogona kutanga kugadzirisa chero maSass akasiyana uye mepu mune yako custom.scss. Iwe unogona zvakare kutanga kuwedzera zvikamu zveBootstrap pasi peiyo// Optional pechikamu sezvinodiwa. Isu tinopa zano kushandisa iyo yakazara yekupinza stack kubva bootstrap.scsskufaira redu senzvimbo yako yekutanga.

Variable defaults

Yese Sass inosiyana muBootstrap 4 inosanganisira iyo !defaultmureza inokubvumidza kuti uwedzere kukosha kweiyo yakasarudzika muSass yako pasina kugadzirisa Bootstrap's source code. Kopa uye unamate zvinosiyana sezvinodiwa, shandura maitiro avo, uye bvisa iyo!default mureza. Kana shanduko yakatopihwa, saka haizopihwazve neiyo default tsika muBootstrap.

Iwe uchawana iyo yakazara rondedzero yeBootstrap's akasiyana mukatiscss/_variables.scss .

Inosiyana-siyana inodarika mukati meiyo Sass faira inogona kuuya isati yasvika kana mushure mekusarudzika. Nekudaro, kana uchipfuura mafaera eSass, ako epamusoro anofanira kuuya usati waunza maBootstrap's Sass mafaera.

Heino muenzaniso unoshandura iyo background-coloruye coloryeiyo <body>kana uchipinza uye kunyora Bootstrap kuburikidza npm:

// Your variable overrides
$body-bg: #000;
$body-color: #111;

// Bootstrap and its default variables
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/bootstrap";

Dzokorora sezvinodiwa kune chero shanduko muBootstrap, kusanganisira sarudzo dzepasirese pazasi.

Mepu uye zvishwe

Bootstrap 4 inosanganisira mashoma emamepu eSass, akakosha mapeya anoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira mhuri dzeCSS ine hukama. Isu tinoshandisa mamepu eSass kune edu mavara, grid breakpoints, nezvimwe. Sezvakangoita maSass akasiyana, ese maSass mepu anosanganisira !defaultmureza uye anogona kudhindwa nekuwedzerwa.

Mamwe emamepu edu eSass anobatanidzwa kuita asina chinhu nekukasira. Izvi zvinoitirwa kubvumira kuwedzera kuri nyore kwemepu yeSass yakapihwa, asi inouya nemubhadharo wekubvisa zvinhu kubva pamepu kuoma zvishoma.

Shandura mepu

Kuti ugadzirise ruvara rwuripo $theme-colorspamepu yedu, wedzera zvinotevera kune yako tsika Sass faira:

$theme-colors: (
  "primary": #0074d9,
  "danger": #ff4136
);

Wedzera kumepu

Kuti uwedzere ruvara rutsva ku $theme-colors, wedzera kiyi nyowani uye kukosha:

$theme-colors: (
  "custom-color": #900
);

Bvisa kubva pamepu

Kubvisa mavara kubva $theme-colors, kana chero imwe mepu, shandisa map-remove. Ziva kuti unofanirwa kuiisa pakati pezvatinoda uye sarudzo:

// Required
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/functions";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/variables";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/mixins";

$theme-colors: map-remove($theme-colors, "info", "light", "dark");

// Optional
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/root";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/reboot";
@import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/type";
...

Makiyi anodiwa

Bootstrap inotora kuvapo kwemamwe makiyi mukati meSass mepu sezvataishandisa uye kuwedzera iwo pachedu. Sezvo iwe uchigadzirisa mamepu anosanganisirwa, unogona kusangana nezvikanganiso apo chaiyo Sass mepu kiyi iri kushandiswa.

Semuenzaniso, tinoshandisa primary, success, uye dangermakiyi kubva$theme-colors kune zvinongedzo, mabhatani, uye fomu nyika. Kutsiva kukosha kwemakiyi aya hakufanire kuratidza nyaya, asi kubvisa kunogona kukonzera Sass kuunganidza nyaya. Muzviitiko izvi, iwe unozofanirwa kugadzirisa iyo Sass kodhi inoshandisa iwo maitiro.

Mabasa

Bootstrap inoshandisa akati wandei maSass mabasa, asi chete subset inoshanda kune general theming. Isu takabatanidza mabasa matatu ekutora kukosha kubva kumamepu emavara:

@function color($key: "blue") {
  @return map-get($colors, $key);
}

@function theme-color($key: "primary") {
  @return map-get($theme-colors, $key);
}

@function gray($key: "100") {
  @return map-get($grays, $key);
}

Izvi zvinokutendera kuti usarudze rumwe ruvara kubva pamepu yeSass zvakanyanya semashandisiro aungaita ruvara rwakasiyana kubva kuv3.

.custom-element {
  color: gray("100");
  background-color: theme-color("dark");
}

Isu tine rimwe basa rekuwana imwe nhanho yeruvara kubva $theme-colorspamepu. Negative level values inorerutsa ruvara, ukuwo mazinga epamusoro achisviba.

@function theme-color-level($color-name: "primary", $level: 0) {
  $color: theme-color($color-name);
  $color-base: if($level > 0, #000, #fff);
  $level: abs($level);

  @return mix($color-base, $color, $level * $theme-color-interval);
}

Mukuita, iwe unodaidza basa racho uye wopfuura mune maviri paramita: zita reruvara kubva$theme-colors (semuenzaniso, chekutanga kana njodzi) uye nhamba yenhamba.

.custom-element {
  color: theme-color-level(primary, -10);
}

Mamwe mabasa anogona kuwedzerwa mune ramangwana kana yako tsika Sass kugadzira nhanho mashandiro emamwe mamepu eSass, kana generic kana iwe uchida kuve wakanyanya verbose.

Kusiyana kwemavara

Rimwe basa rekuwedzera ratinosanganisa muBootstrap ibasa rekusiyanisa ruvara, color-yiq. Inoshandisa iyo YIQ nzvimbo yemavara kuti idzorere otomatiki mwenje ( #fff) kana yakasviba ( #111) musiyano weruvara unoenderana neyakatsanangurwa base color. Iri basa rinonyanya kubatsira kumamikisi kana zvishwe pauri kugadzira akawanda makirasi.

Semuenzaniso, kugadzira mavara emavara kubva $theme-colorspamepu yedu:

@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  .swatch-#{$color} {
    color: color-yiq($value);
  }
}

Inogona zvakare kushandiswa kune imwe-off mutsauko zvinodiwa:

.custom-element {
  color: color-yiq(#000); // returns `color: #fff`
}

Iwe unogona zvakare kutsanangura ruvara rwepasi nemepu yedu yemavara mabasa:

.custom-element {
  color: color-yiq(theme-color("dark")); // returns `color: #fff`
}

Sass sarudzo

Gadzirisa Bootstrap 4 neyedu yakavakirwa-mukati dhizaini faira uye shandura zviri nyore zvepasirese CSS zvido nemhando itsva $enable-*dzeSass. Bvisa kukosha kweiyo vhezheni uye wobatanidza nayo npm run testsezvinodiwa.

Iwe unogona kuwana uye kugadzirisa aya machinjiro kune akakosha epasi rose sarudzo muBootstrap's scss/_variables.scssfaira.

Variable	Values	Tsanangudzo
`$spacer`	`1rem`(default), kana chero kukosha> 0	Inodoma iyo default spacer kukosha kuti igadzire yedu spacer utilities .
`$enable-rounded`	`true`(default) kana`false`	Inogonesa `border-radius`zvitaera zvakafanotsanangurwa pazvikamu zvakasiyana.
`$enable-shadows`	`true`kana `false`(default)	Inogonesa `box-shadow`zvitaera zvakafanotsanangurwa pazvikamu zvakasiyana.
`$enable-gradients`	`true`kana `false`(default)	Inogonesa kufanotsanangurwa gradients kuburikidza `background-image`nezvitaera pane akasiyana mazvikamu.
`$enable-transitions`	`true`(default) kana`false`	Inogonesa predefined `transition`s pazvikamu zvakasiyana.
`$enable-hover-media-query`	`true`kana `false`(default)	Yakarambwa
`$enable-grid-classes`	`true`(default) kana`false`	Inogonesa kugadzirwa kweCSS makirasi egidhi system (semuenzaniso, `.container`, `.row`, `.col-md-1`, nezvimwewo).
`$enable-caret`	`true`(default) kana`false`	Inogonesa pseudo element caret pa `.dropdown-toggle`.
`$enable-print-styles`	`true`(default) kana`false`	Inogonesa masitaera ekugonesa kudhinda.

Color

Zvizhinji zveBootstrap zvakasiyana-siyana zvikamu uye zvishandiso zvinovakwa kuburikidza neakatevedzana emavara anotsanangurwa mumepu yeSass. Iyi mepu inogona kuvharirwa muSass kuti ikurumidze kugadzira nhevedzano yemitemo.

Mavara ose

Ese mavara anowanikwa muBootstrap 4, anowanikwa seSass akasiyana uye mepu yeSass scss/_variables.scssmufaira. Izvi zvichawedzerwa pane anotevera madiki ekuburitswa kuti awedzere mamwe mimvuri, senge greyscale palette yatinotobatanidza .

Bhuruu

Indigo

Pepuru

Pink

Tsvuku

Orenji

Yero

Girinhi

Teal

Cyan

Heano maitiro aungashandisa aya muSass yako:

// With variable
.alpha { color: $purple; }

// From the Sass map with our `color()` function
.beta { color: color("purple"); }

Makirasi ekushandisa mavara anowanikwawo pakuseta coloruye background-color.

Mune ramangwana, isu tichavavarira kupa maSass mamepu uye akasiyana emhando dzemavara ega ega sezvatakaita ne grayscale mavara pazasi.

Theme mavara

Isu tinoshandisa subset yemavara ese kugadzira diki pendi yeruvara kugadzira marongero emavara, inowanikwawo semaSass akasiyana uye mepu yeSass muBootstraps's scss/_variables.scssfaira.

Primary

Secondary

Success

Danger

Yambiro

Info

Chiedza

Rima

Grays

Iyo yakawedzera seti yegrey akasiyana uye mepu yeSass mune scss/_variables.scssinowirirana mimvuri yegrey pane yako purojekiti.

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Mukati me scss/_variables.scss, iwe unowana Bootstrap's mavara akasiyana uye Sass mepu. Heino muenzaniso $colorsweSass mepu:

$colors: (
  "blue": $blue,
  "indigo": $indigo,
  "purple": $purple,
  "pink": $pink,
  "red": $red,
  "orange": $orange,
  "yellow": $yellow,
  "green": $green,
  "teal": $teal,
  "cyan": $cyan,
  "white": $white,
  "gray": $gray-600,
  "gray-dark": $gray-800
) !default;

Wedzera, bvisa, kana shandura kukosha mukati memepu kuti uvandudze mashandisirwo aanoitwa mune zvimwe zvikamu zvakawanda. Nehurombo panguva ino, hazvisi zvese zvikamu zvinoshandisa iyi mepu yeSass. Zvidzoreso zveramangwana zvichaedza kuvandudza pane izvi. Kusvika panguva iyoyo, ronga pakushandisa ${color}zvinosiyana uye iyi mepu yeSass.

Zvikamu

Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zveBootstrap uye zvinoshandiswa zvinovakwa @eachnezvishwe zvinodzokorora pamusoro pemepu yeSass. Izvi zvinonyanya kubatsira pakugadzira akasiyana echikamu neyedu$theme-colors uye kugadzira anopindura akasiyana ega ega breakpoint. Sezvo iwe uchigadzirisa aya mamepu eSass uye kudzoreredza, iwe unozoona otomatiki shanduko dzako dzichiratidzwa mune izvi zvishwe.

Modifiers

Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zveBootstrap zvakavakwa ne base-modifier kirasi maitiro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwemataera huri mukirasi yepasi (semuenzaniso, .btn) nepo masitaera akasiyana achingogumira kumakirasi ekugadzirisa (semuenzaniso, .btn-danger). Aya makirasi ekugadzirisa akavakwa kubva $theme-colorspamepu kuti agadzirise nhamba uye zita remakirasi edu ekugadzirisa.

Heino mienzaniso miviri yemabatiro atinoita pamusoro $theme-colorspemepu kuti tigadzire ma modifiers kune .alertchikamu uye zvese zvedu.bg-* zvemashure zvinoshandiswa.

// Generate alert modifier classes
@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  .alert-#{$color} {
    @include alert-variant(theme-color-level($color, -10), theme-color-level($color, -9), theme-color-level($color, 6));
  }
}

// Generate `.bg-*` color utilities
@each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  @include bg-variant('.bg-#{$color}', $value);
}

Anoteerera

Aya maSass loops haana kugumira kumamepu emavara, kana. Iwe unogona zvakare kugadzira inopindura misiyano yezvikamu zvako kana zvishandiso. Tora semuenzaniso yedu inopindura mameseji ekugadzirisa mameseji kwatinosanganisa @eachloop $grid-breakpointsyemepu yeSass nemubvunzo wenhau unosanganisira.

@each $breakpoint in map-keys($grid-breakpoints) {
  @include media-breakpoint-up($breakpoint) {
    $infix: breakpoint-infix($breakpoint, $grid-breakpoints);

    .text#{$infix}-left   { text-align: left !important; }
    .text#{$infix}-right  { text-align: right !important; }
    .text#{$infix}-center { text-align: center !important; }
  }
}

Kana iwe uchifanira kugadzirisa yako $grid-breakpoints, shanduko dzako dzinoshanda kune ese zvishwe zvinodzokorora pamusoro pemepu iyoyo.

CSS zvakasiyana

Bootstrap 4 inosanganisira anenge gumi nemaviri CSS tsika zvivakwa (zvinosiyana) mune yayo yakanyorwa CSS. Izvi zvinopa nyore kuwana kune anowanzo shandiswa kukosha senge yedu theme mavara, mabreakpoints, uye ekutanga font stacks paunenge uchishanda mubrowser's Inspector, kodhi sandbox, kana general prototyping.

Available variables

Heano mavara atinosanganisa (ona kuti izvo :rootzvinodiwa). Anowanikwa _root.scssmufaira redu.

:root {
  --blue: #007bff;
  --indigo: #6610f2;
  --purple: #6f42c1;
  --pink: #e83e8c;
  --red: #dc3545;
  --orange: #fd7e14;
  --yellow: #ffc107;
  --green: #28a745;
  --teal: #20c997;
  --cyan: #17a2b8;
  --white: #fff;
  --gray: #6c757d;
  --gray-dark: #343a40;
  --primary: #007bff;
  --secondary: #6c757d;
  --success: #28a745;
  --info: #17a2b8;
  --warning: #ffc107;
  --danger: #dc3545;
  --light: #f8f9fa;
  --dark: #343a40;
  --breakpoint-xs: 0;
  --breakpoint-sm: 576px;
  --breakpoint-md: 768px;
  --breakpoint-lg: 992px;
  --breakpoint-xl: 1200px;
  --font-family-sans-serif: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";
  --font-family-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
}

Mienzaniso

CSS zvinosiyana zvinopa kuchinjika kwakafanana kune maSass akasiyana, asi pasina kudikanwa kwekubatanidza isati yapihwa kune browser. Semuenzaniso, pano tiri kusetazve mafonti epeji redu uye masitaera ekubatanidza ane CSS zvinosiyana.

body {
  font: 1rem/1.5 var(--font-family-sans-serif);
}
a {
  color: var(--blue);
}

Breakpoint variables

Nepo isu pakutanga takabatanidza mabreakpoints mune yedu CSS akasiyana (eg, --breakpoint-md), aya haatsigirwe mumibvunzo midhiya , asi anogona achiri kushandiswa mukati memitemo mumibvunzo yenhau. Aya mabreakpoint akasiyana anoramba ari muCSS yakaunganidzwa yekudzokera kumashure inopihwa iyo inogona kushandiswa neJavaScript. Dzidza zvakawanda mune spec.

Heino muenzaniso wezvisina kutsigirwa:

@media (min-width: var(--breakpoint-sm)) {
  ...
}

Uye heino muenzaniso wezvinotsigirwa:

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .custom-element {
    color: var(--primary);
  }
}